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Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral antigens (such as the hepatitis B surface or core antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA. [17] [32] In early infection (i.e. within 1 week), IgM antibodies are found in the blood ...
A number of specific antibodies found in the blood (antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA), anti-liver kidney microsomal antibodies (LKM-1, LKM-2, LKM-3), anti soluble liver antigen (SLA), liver–pancreas antigen (LP), and anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)) are of use, as is finding an increased immunoglobulin G level.
An anti-LKM antibody (anti–liver-kidney microsomal antibody or LKM antibody) is any of several autoantibodies that are detected in the serum of patients with different types of acute or chronic liver disease. These antibodies are targeted against antigens of the cytochrome P450 system.
Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but costly. [6] In 2013, about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis, most commonly due to hepatitis B and C. [6] East Asia, in particular Mongolia, is the region most affected. [6]
These antigens are recognized by antibody proteins that bind specifically to one of these surface proteins. The full-length HBsAg is called the L (for "large") form. It consists of a preS loop, a first transmembrane helix (TM1), a cytosolic loop (CYL), another TM helix (TM2), an antigenic loop (AGL), followed by two TM helices (TM3 and TM4).
The icosahedral core particle is made of 180 or 240 copies of the core protein, alternatively known as hepatitis B core antigen, or HBcAg. During this 'window' in which the host remains infected but is successfully clearing the virus, IgM antibodies specific to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) may be the only serological evidence of ...
Experts say vehicle-based attacks are simple for a 'lone wolf' terrorist to plan and execute, and challenging for authorities to prevent.
The antibody or antigen is only detectable in the blood when there is substantially more of one than the other. Standard techniques require a high enough concentration of antibody or antigen to detect the amount of antibody or antigen; therefore, they cannot detect the small amount that is not bound during seroconversion. [10]