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In object-oriented programming, the safe navigation operator (also known as optional chaining operator, safe call operator, null-conditional operator, null-propagation operator) is a binary operator that returns null if its first argument is null; otherwise it performs a dereferencing operation as specified by the second argument (typically an ...
ECMAScript (/ ˈ ɛ k m ə s k r ɪ p t /; ES) [1] is a standard for scripting languages, including JavaScript, JScript, and ActionScript. It is best known as a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different web browsers . [ 2 ]
The 7th edition, or ECMAScript 2016, was finalized in June 2016. [5] Its features include exponentiation operator ** for numbers, await, async keywords for asynchronous programming (as a preparation for ES2017), and the Array.prototype.includes function. [5]
Ternary conditional operator; Null coalescing operators; Safe navigation operators; ... TYPE): TYPE assign set_item do instructions end set ... super [43] (ECMAScript ...
The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
The ECMAScript 2015 standard introduced the "..." array operator, for the related concepts of "spread syntax" [12] and "rest parameters". [13] Object spreading was added in ECMAScript 2018. Spread syntax provides another way to destructure arrays and objects. For arrays, it indicates that the elements should be used as the parameters in a ...
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An ECMAScript engine is a software platform that can run code written in ECMAScript, a programming language more commonly known as JavaScript. More formally, an ECMAScript engine is, at least in part, a "conforming implementation" of the ECMAScript programming language specified by the ECMA-262 international standard.