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Counting rods (筭) are small bars, typically 3–14 cm (1" to 6") long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient East Asia.They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.
A counting board could be a table top, a wooden board with or without grid, on the floor or on sand. In 1971 Chinese archaeologists unearthed a bundle of well-preserved animal bone counting rods stored in a silk pouch from a tomb in Qian Yang county in Shanxi province, dated back to the first half of Han dynasty (206 BC – 8AD).
Suanpan (the number represented in the picture is 6,302,715,408) Chinese Abacus An extended version of a suanpan A modern 4+1 suanpan (soroban) with a clear-all button Suanpan- reincarnation of counting rods. The suanpan (simplified Chinese: 算盘; traditional Chinese: 算盤; pinyin: suànpán), also spelled suan pan or souanpan [1] [2]) is ...
Since early times, Chinese understood basic arithmetic (which dominated far eastern history), algebra, equations, and negative numbers with counting rods. [ citation needed ] Although the Chinese were more focused on arithmetic and advanced algebra for astronomical uses, they were also the first to develop negative numbers, algebraic geometry ...
Chapter 1 discusses measurement units of length, weight and capacity, and the rules of counting rods.Although counting rods were in use in the Spring and Autumn period and there were many ancient books on mathematics such as Book on Numbers and Computation and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, no detailed account of the rules was given.
Alexander Wylie, Christian missionary to China, in 1853 already refuted the notion that "the Chinese numbers were written in words at length", and stated that in ancient China, calculation was carried out by means of counting rods, and "the written character is evidently a rude presentation of these". After being introduced to the rod numerals ...
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An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...