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After the death of the last Jagiellonian king, the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became an elective monarchy with mostly foreigners elected as monarchs such as Henry III of France, who witnessed the introduction of the Golden Liberty system and Stephen Báthory, a capable military commander who strengthened the nation.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [c] and also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, [d] [9] [10] was a federative real union [11] between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.
The Polish–Lithuanian Union had become an influential player in Europe and a significant cultural entity. In the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a huge state in central-eastern Europe, with an area approaching one million square kilometers.
King of Poland in tournament attire, ca. 1433-1435. The princely houses of Poland and Lithuania differed from other princely houses in Europe. The Polish and Lithuanian nobility could not be granted noble titles by the King in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as hereditary titles, with some exceptions, were largely forbidden.
The magnates of Poland and Lithuania (Polish: magnateria) were an aristocracy of Polish-Lithuanian nobility that existed in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, from the 1569 Union of Lublin, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. [1]
The next election of a Polish king had occurred in 1386, with the selection of Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. [5] The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland , but had no promise that his dynasty would ...
Painting commemorating Polish–Lithuanian union; ca. 1861. The motto reads "Eternal union".. The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the "Republic ...
Despite this, the one and only crowned king of Lithuania was King Mindaugas I. [2] [3] In two more instances, royal nobles were not crowned due to political circumstances, but held de jure recognition abroad —Vytautas the Great by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, [4] and Mindaugas II by Pope Benedict XV. [5] [4]