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In Organic chemistry, the inductive effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond. [1]
Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.
A bicycloheptane acid with an electron-withdrawing substituent, X, at the 4-position experiences a field effect on the acidic proton from the C-X bond dipole. [4] A bicyclooctance acid with an electron-witituent, X, at the 4-position experiences the same field effect on the acidic proton from the C-X bondole as the related bicylcoheptane.
The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...
In general, the resonance effect of elements in the third period and beyond is relatively weak. This is mainly because of the relatively poor orbital overlap of the substituent's 3p (or higher) orbital with the 2p orbital of the carbon. Due to a stronger resonance effect and inductive effect than the heavier halogens, fluorine is anomalous.
where is the ratio of the rate of the substituted reaction compared to the reference reaction, ρ* is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to polar effects, σ* is the polar substituent constant that describes the field and inductive effects of the substituent, δ is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to steric effects, and E s is ...
In the butterfly effect, one small change can trigger a chain of events that can cause a larger change at a later time. On TikTok, people are using the butterfly effect theory to connect world ...
In organic chemistry, the Baker–Nathan effect is observed with reaction rates for certain chemical reactions with certain substrates where the order in reactivity cannot be explained solely by an inductive effect of substituents. [1] This effect was described in 1935 by John W. Baker and W. S. Nathan.
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