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Most of the significant surviving illuminated manuscripts were produced in the 13th century, about half in the last forty years of the Latin kingdom; to what extent this is an accident of survival is unclear. [6] Some icons in wall painting and mosaic survive from the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. [5]
The Prussian Crusades (1222–1274) were a series of 13th-century campaigns of Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize the pagan Old Prussians. These include the Crusade of 1222–1223, the First Prussian Uprising of 1242–1249, and the Great Prussian Uprising of 1260–1274. [313] [314] [315] Lithuanian ...
The production of cheese predates recorded history, beginning well over 7,000 years ago. [1] [2] [3] Humans likely developed cheese and other dairy foods by accident, as a result of storing and transporting milk in bladders made of ruminants' stomachs, as their inherent supply of rennet would encourage curdling.
The list of collections of Crusader sources provides those collections of original sources for the Crusades from the 17th century through the 20th century. These include collections, regesta and bibliotheca, and provide valuable insight into the historiography of the Crusades though the identification of the various editions and translations of the sources, as well as commentary on these sources.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
Krak des Chevaliers was built during the 12th and 13th centuries by the Knights Hospitaller with later additions by Mamluks. It is a World Heritage Site. [1] This is a list of castles in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, founded or occupied during the Crusades. For crusader castles in Poland and the Baltic states, see Ordensburg.
The participation of the Genoese Fleet in the Crusades (particularly the conquests of Antioch and Acre) enriched it enormously.During the First Crusade, the Genoese Republic obtained Acre (one third of the port's incomes) and Gibelet (present-day Byblos, Lebanon), which become a familiar possession of the Embriaco family, who styled themselves as Lords of Gibelet (1100 – late 13th century).
Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1995). In the Oxford History of the Crusades. [491] The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2000). [492] Denis Sinor. Denis Sinor (1916–2011), a Hungarian scholar of the history of Central Asia. [493] The Mongols and Western Europe ...