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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks are the pathways and signaling of MAPK, which is a protein kinase that consists of amino acids serine and threonine. [1] MAPK pathways have both a positive and negative regulation in plants. A positive regulation of MAPK networks is to help in assisting with stresses from the environment.
Despite the high number of MAPK genes, MAPK pathways of higher plants were studied less than animal or fungal ones. Although their signaling appears very complex, the MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 kinases of Arabidopsis thaliana are key mediators of responses to osmotic shock, oxidative stress, response to cold and involved in anti-pathogen responses.
A more complex, specific example of crosstalk between two major signaling pathways can be observed with the interaction of the cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways in the activation of lymphocytes. In this case, components of the cAMP pathway directly and indirectly affect MAPK signaling pathway meant to activate genes involving immunity and ...
WAKs protein composed of five types of highly similar genes located tightly in a 30 kb clusters of Arabidopsis genome. [13] [14] Most of the WAKs are expressed throughout the plant whether WAK1, 2, 3 and 5 are expressed in green organs, WAK1 and 2 weakly expressed in flowers and siliques and WAK2 is also expressed in roots, however, WAK4 is only expressed in siliques. [15]
Over-expression of the MAPKKK upstream of the ERK 1/2 MAPK and an increase in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can lead to tumor formation, such as triple negative breast cancer. [14] A mutation in the JNK or p38 family of MAPK or their MAPKKK upstream precursors can result in Alzheimer's disease. This is also seen when there is too much ...
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K4 gene. [5] [6]The central core of each mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a conserved cascade of 3 protein kinases: an activated MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates a specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then activates a specific MAPK.
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Some of the signalling events involving rsk. In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction.There are two subfamilies of rsk, p90 rsk, also known as MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPKAP-K1), and p70 rsk, also known as S6-H1 Kinase or simply S6 Kinase.