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Continuous dynamic systems can only be captured by a continuous simulation model, while discrete dynamic systems can be captured either in a more abstract manner by a continuous simulation model (like the Lotka-Volterra equations for modeling a predator-prey eco-system) or in a more realistic manner by a discrete event simulation model (in a ...
In particular, the discrete-time Lyapunov equation (also known as Stein equation) for is A X A H − X + Q = 0 {\displaystyle AXA^{H}-X+Q=0} where Q {\displaystyle Q} is a Hermitian matrix and A H {\displaystyle A^{H}} is the conjugate transpose of A {\displaystyle A} , while the continuous-time Lyapunov equation is
Unlike a continuous-time signal, a discrete-time signal is not a function of a continuous argument; however, it may have been obtained by sampling from a continuous-time signal. When a discrete-time signal is obtained by sampling a sequence at uniformly spaced times, it has an associated sampling rate. Discrete-time signals may have several ...
The definition for discrete-time systems is almost identical to that for continuous-time systems. The definition below provides this, using an alternate language commonly used in more mathematical texts. Let (X, d) be a metric space and f : X → X a continuous function.
Dynamical systems theory and chaos theory deal with the long-term qualitative behavior of dynamical systems.Here, the focus is not on finding precise solutions to the equations defining the dynamical system (which is often hopeless), but rather to answer questions like "Will the system settle down to a steady state in the long term, and if so, what are the possible steady states?", or "Does ...
Still in the discrete state case, letting = and assuming that the system initially is found in state , the Kolmogorov forward equations describe an initial-value problem for finding the probabilities of the process, given the quantities ().
That is, the matrices , and have entries that varies with time. Again, as well as in the continuous time case and in the discrete time case, one may be interested in discovering if the system given by the pair ((), ()) is controllable or not. This can be done in a very similar way of the preceding cases.
The equations are a set of differential equations – over time – of the probabilities that the system occupies each of the different states. The name was proposed in 1940: [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When the probabilities of the elementary processes are known, one can write down a continuity equation for W, from which all other equations can be derived and ...
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