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Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also known as surfactant deficiency disorder (SDD), [2] and previously called hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs.
Causes may include sepsis, pancreatitis, trauma, pneumonia, and aspiration. [1] The underlying mechanism involves diffuse injury to cells which form the barrier of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs , surfactant dysfunction, activation of the immune system , and dysfunction of the body's regulation of blood clotting . [ 5 ]
Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures . [ 3 ] Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG .
The cause for BRUEs is often unknown, although some of the more common causes include gastroesophageal reflux, seizure, and child maltreatment. Evaluation after an ALTE or BRUE is diagnostically important, as some events represent the first sign or symptom of an underlying medical condition. [ 1 ]
For example, if a doctor fails to order a mammogram that is past due, this mistake will not show up in the first type of study. [22] In addition, because no adverse event occurred during the short follow-up of the study, the mistake also would not show up in the second type of study [23] because only the principal treatment plans were critiqued ...
Self-neglect is a behavioral condition in which an individual neglects to attend to their basic needs, such as personal hygiene, appropriate clothing, feeding, or tending appropriately to any medical conditions they have. [1] More generally, any lack of self-care in terms of personal health, hygiene and living conditions can be referred to as ...
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
An unnatural cause of death results from an external cause, typically including homicides, suicides, accidents, medical errors, alcohol intoxications and drug overdoses. [6] [7] Jurisdictions differ in how they categorize and report unnatural deaths, including level of detail and whether they are considered a single category with subcategories, or separate top-level categories.