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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
The following table gives formula for the spring that is equivalent to a system of two springs, in series or in parallel, whose spring constants are and . [1] The compliance c {\displaystyle c} of a spring is the reciprocal 1 / k {\displaystyle 1/k} of its spring constant.)
Pulling the spring to a greater length causes it to exert a force that brings the spring back toward its equilibrium length. The amount of force can be determined by multiplying the spring constant, characteristic of the spring, by the amount of stretch, also known as Hooke's Law. Another example is of a pendulum.
Simplified LaCoste suspension using a zero-length spring Spring length L vs force F graph of ordinary (+), zero-length (0) and negative-length (−) springs with the same minimum length L 0 and spring constant. Zero-length spring is a term for a specially designed coil spring that would exert zero force if it had zero length. That is, in a line ...
In a real spring–mass system, the spring has a non-negligible mass.Since not all of the spring's length moves at the same velocity as the suspended mass (for example the point completely opposed to the mass , at the other end of the spring, is not moving at all), its kinetic energy is not equal to .
The kinetic energy of the system is: = (˙ + ˙) where is the mass of the bobs, is the length of the strings, and , are the angular displacements of the two bobs from equilibrium. The potential energy of the system is: E p = m g L ( 2 − cos θ 1 − cos θ 2 ) + 1 2 k L 2 ( θ 2 − θ 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle E_{\text{p}}=mgL(2-\cos ...
While some of the energy transferred can end up stored as the kinetic energy of acquired velocity, the deformation of component objects results in stored elastic energy. A prototypical elastic component is a coiled spring. The linear elastic performance of a spring is parametrized by a constant of proportionality, called the spring constant.
The energy conservation can be verified by + =. The above discussion holds true for any component, regardless of its angular frequency of ω . The limiting case of c 2 = 0 corresponds to a "fixed end" that does not move, whereas the limiting case of c 2 → ∞ corresponds to a "free end".