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A pyrgeometer is a device that measures near-surface infra-red (IR) radiation, approximately from 4.5 μm to 100 μm on the electromagnetic spectrum (thereby excluding solar radiation). It measures the resistance / voltage changes in a material that is sensitive to the net energy transfer by radiation that occurs between itself and its ...
Crude oil is classified as light, medium, or heavy according to its measured API gravity. Light crude oil has an API gravity higher than 31.1° (i.e., less than 870 kg/m 3) Medium oil has an API gravity between 22.3 and 31.1° (i.e., 870 to 920 kg/m 3) Heavy crude oil has an API gravity below 22.3° (i.e., 920 to 1000 kg/m 3)
Flows in a very complex oil refinery. The Nelson complexity index (NCI) is a measure to compare the secondary conversion capacity of a petroleum refinery with the primary distillation capacity. [1] The index provides an easy metric for quantifying and ranking the complexity of various refineries and units. [2]
Oil giant BP, and energy-transport and logistics firms Enbridge Energy Partners (an affiliate of Canada's Enbridge), Plains All American Pipeline and Energy Transfer LP own most of the oil storage tanks in Cushing. [22] Oil storage became big business in 2008 and 2009, when the supply glut in the oil market led to situation where oil futures ...
Oil and gas reserves denote discovered quantities of crude oil and natural gas (oil or gas fields) that can be profitably produced/recovered from an approved development. Oil and gas reserves tied to approved operational plans filed on the day of reserves reporting are also sensitive to fluctuating global market pricing.
A floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) is essentially an FPSO without the capability for oil or gas processing. [1] Most FSOs are converted single hull supertankers . An example is Knock Nevis , ex Seawise Giant , which for many years was the world's largest ship.
An oil terminal (also called a tank farm, tankfarm, oil installation or oil depot) is an industrial facility for the storage of oil, petroleum and petrochemical products, and from which these products are transported to end users or other storage facilities. [1] An oil terminal typically has a variety of above or below ground tankage ...
The issue is still subject of numerous studies, and prompting academic argument. That's mainly because the "energy invested" critically depends on technology, methodology, and system boundary assumptions, resulting in a range from a maximum of 2000 kWh/m 2 of module area down to a minimum of 300 kWh/m 2 with a median value of 585 kWh/m 2 according to a meta-study from 2013.