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N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH 2 CO) 2 NOH. It is a white solid that is used as a reagent for preparing active esters in peptide synthesis. It can be synthesized by heating succinic anhydride with hydroxylamine or hydroxylamine hydrochloride. [2]
Disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) is the non-water-soluble analog of BS3. DSS and BS3 express the same crosslinking ability toward primary amines. [ 16 ] The major structural difference between these two molecules is that DSS does not contain the sulfonate substituents at either end of the molecule, and it is this difference that is responsible for ...
The ester linkage is formed between the N-hydroxyphthalimide and a carboxylic acid by elimination of water, the coupling achieved with N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). For peptide synthesis, the N-terminus of the growing peptide is protected with tert-butyloxycarbonyl while its C-terminus (Z–NH–CH(R)–COOH) is coupled to N ...
Active esters are often used in peptide synthesis, e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimide, hydroxybenzotriazole. [1] Active esters of acrylic acid are precursors to polymers with reactive side chains. [4] The concept of active esters extends to esters of phosphoric and sulfuric acids. One such case is dimethylsulfate, a strong methylating agent.
Cholesteryl oleate, a member of the cholesteryl ester family. Cholesteryl esters are a type of dietary lipid and are ester derivatives of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased ...
Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be isolated. [72] The earliest observations in humans and in chickens had shown that diets of primarily polished white rice caused beriberi, but did not attribute it to the absence of a previously unknown essential nutrient. [73] [74]
These compounds are water-soluble and, thus, cannot protect fats from oxidation: For this purpose, the fat-soluble esters of ascorbic acid with long-chain fatty acids (ascorbyl palmitate or ascorbyl stearate) can be used as antioxidant food additives. Sodium-dependent active transport process enables absorption of Ascorbic acid from the intestine.
Tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) ester chemistry is typically used to attach fluorophores or haptens to the primary amines of biomolecules. They produce the same amide bonds that are formed through conjugation with other amine-reactive groups, such as succinimidyl esters (SE, Hydroxysuccinimide- or NHS-ester), but TFP esters are less susceptible to spontaneous hydrolysis during conjugation reactions.