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Phytoncides are a biologically active substance of plant origin that kills or inhibits growth and development of bacteria, microscopic fungi, and protozoa. Phytoncides play an important role in plant immunity and in the relationships between organisms within an ecosystem. [2] The ability to produce phytoncides is a quality common among plants.
Capsidiol is a phytoalexin produced by certain plants in response to pathogenic attack.. Phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances, some of which are antioxidative as well. They are defined not by their having any particular chemical structure or character, but by the fact that they are defensively synthesized de novo by plants that produce the compounds rapidly at sites of pathogen infection.
Adult plant resistance (APR) is a specialist term referring to quantitative resistance that is not effective in the seedling stage but is effective throughout many remaining plant growth stages. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 42 ] The difference between adult plant resistance and seedling resistance is especially important in annual crops . [ 45 ]
More specifically in 2012, the FDA speculated the most significant public health threat in regard to antimicrobial use in animals is the exposure of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans. [7] These statements have been challenged by the American meat industry lobbyists, who posit that antibiotics are used responsibly and judiciously in ...
This can include reducing or inhibiting the plant's internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production. [8] [9] Phytohormones are chemicals used by plants for signaling; pathogens can produce these to modify plant growth to their own advantage.
Agricultural practices may be enhanced through the utilization of allelochemical producing plants. [41] When used correctly, these plants can provide pesticide, herbicide, and antimicrobial qualities to crops. [42] number of such allelochemicals are commercially available or in the process of large-scale manufacture.
In Germany, 1,734 tons of antimicrobial agents were used for animals in 2011 compared with 800 tons for humans. [113] Sweden was the first country to ban all use of antibiotics as growth promoters in 1986 and played a big role in the EU-wide ban on antimicrobial use by extensive lobbying after joining EU in 1995.
To date, work on induction of plant systemic resistance has shown that inducing plant system resistance work has important implications for basic and applied research. Induced resistance applications in melons, tobacco, bean, potato, and rice have achieved significant success. Over the past decade, the study of induced system resistance has ...