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Availability of parallel components = 1 - (1 - X)^ N 10 hosts, each having 50% availability. But if they are used in parallel and fail independently, they can provide high availability. So for example if each of your components has only 50% availability, by using 10 of components in parallel, you can achieve 99.9023% availability.
In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices [6] (i.e. the value of factors of production is the individual contribution of each in the final product, but its value is the value of the last contributed to the final product (the marginal utility before reaching the point Pareto optimal).
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole. [1] This includes regional, national, and global economies .
A macroeconomic model is an analytical tool designed to describe the operation of the problems of economy of a country or a region. These models are usually designed to examine the comparative statics and dynamics of aggregate quantities such as the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the level of prices.
A supply is a good or service that producers are willing to provide. The law of supply determines the quantity of supply at a given price. [5]The law of supply and demand states that, for a given product, if the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, then the price increases, which decreases the demand (law of demand) and increases the supply (law of supply)—and vice versa—until ...
Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the different theories of money: it provides a framework for analyzing money and considers its functions ( as medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account), and it considers how money can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good. [1]
This book describes recursive models applied to theoretical questions in monetary policy, fiscal policy, taxation, economic growth, search theory, and labor economics. In investment and finance, Avinash Dixit and Robert Pindyck showed the value of the method for thinking about capital budgeting , in particular showing how it was theoretically ...
1/2 "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change." [21] 1992 Gary Becker: 1/1 "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour." [22] 1991 ...