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Spermine is synthesized from the reaction of spermidine with SAM in the presence of the enzyme spermine synthase. The polyamines undergo rapid interconversion in the polyamine cycle, in which putrescine leads to synthesis of spermidine and spermine, with degradation of these polyamines to form putrescine, which can begin the cycle again. [16]
Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism that is found in all eukaryotic cells. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine . It is an essential growth factor in some bacteria as well.
Spermidine is an aliphatic polyamine. Spermidine synthase (SPDS) catalyzes its formation from putrescine.It is a precursor to other polyamines, such as spermine and its structural isomer thermospermine.
Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SPD/SPM acetyltransferase) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolic pathway of polyamine metabolism. It catalyzes the N(1)-acetylation of spermidine and spermine and, by the successive activity of polyamine oxidase , spermine can be converted to spermidine and spermidine to putrescine . [ 7 ]
Spermine synthase is an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis. It is present in all eukaryotes and plays a role in a variety of biological functions in plants [ 3 ] Its structure consists of two identical monomers of 41 kDa with three domains each, creating a homodimer formed via dimerization .
Another major role of SAM is in polyamine biosynthesis. Here, SAM is decarboxylated by adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) to form S-adenosylmethioninamine. This compound then donates its n-propylamine group in the biosynthesis of polyamines such as spermidine and spermine from putrescine. [9] SAM is required for cellular growth and ...
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The enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl methionine to S-adenosylmethioninamine. Polyamines such as spermidine and spermine are essential for cellular growth under most conditions, being implicated in many cellular processes including DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.