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A thermopile pyranometer (also called thermo-electric pyranometer) is a sensor based on thermopiles designed to measure the broad band of the solar radiation flux density from a 180° field of view angle. A thermopile pyranometer thus usually measures from 300 to 2800 nm with a largely flat spectral sensitivity (see the spectral response graph ...
A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (in watts per metre square) from a field of view of 180 degrees.
A pyrheliometer is an instrument that can measure direct beam solar irradiance. [1] Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The signal voltage is converted via a formula to measure watts per square metre.
A Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder. A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location or region at any time. The results provide information about the weather and climate as well as the temperature of a geographical area.
They are also used widely in heat flux sensors and pyrheliometers [5] [6] and gas burner safety controls. The output of a thermopile is usually in the range of tens or hundreds of millivolts. [7] As well as increasing the signal level, the device may be used to provide spatial temperature averaging. [8]
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The ascent rate can be controlled by the amount of gas with which the balloon is filled, usually at around 300 metres per minute (980 ft/min). [ 9 ] : 24–54 Weather balloons may reach altitudes of 40 km (25 mi) or more, limited by diminishing pressures causing the balloon to expand to such a degree (typically by a 100:1 factor) that it ...
Tin dioxide is the most common material used in semiconductor gas sensors, [9] and the electrical resistance in the sensor is decreased when it comes in contact with the monitored gas. The resistance of the tin dioxide layer, typically in the range of 10 to 500 kΩ in air, can drop to a small fraction of this value in the presence of a reducing ...