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Mechanical problems in early satellites were sometimes attributed to cold welding. In 2009 the European Space Agency published a peer reviewed paper detailing why cold welding is a significant issue that spacecraft designers need to carefully consider. [3] The paper also cites a documented example [4] from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high ...
Overhead stick welding. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, primarily by using high temperature to melt the parts together and allow them to cool, causing fusion.
In August 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) became aware of nitrosamine impurities in certain samples of rifampin. [62] The FDA and manufacturers are investigating the origin of these impurities in rifampin, and the agency is developing testing methods for regulators and industry to detect the 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP ...
(a) Explain that Wikipedia's definition of cold welding in space is not the definition used by subject matter experts like the ESA, and (b) that the ESA has published an academic report explaining the difficulty in preventing what it considers to be cold welding in space. The ESA report is currently footnote 4:
Using a high energy mill to favor plastic deformation required for cold welding and reduce the process times Using a mixture of elemental and master alloy powders (the latter to reduce the activity of the element, since it is known that the activity in an alloy or a compound could be orders of magnitude less than in a pure metal)
Cold metal transfer (CMT) is a welding method that is usually performed by a welding robot. The CMT machine detects a short circuit which sends a signal that retracts the welding filler material, giving the weld time to cool before each drop is placed. This leaves a smooth weld that is stronger than that of a hotter weld.
Roll bonding is a solid state, cold welding process, obtained through flat rolling of sheet metals. In roll bonding, two or more layers of different metals are passed through a pair of flat rollers under sufficient pressure to bond the layers. The pressure is high enough to deform the metals and reduce the combined thickness of the clad material.
The rifamycin group includes the classic rifamycin drugs as well as the rifamycin derivatives rifampicin (or rifampin), rifabutin, rifapentine, rifalazil and rifaximin. Rifamycin, sold under the trade name Aemcolo, is approved in the United States for treatment of travelers' diarrhea in some circumstances. [1] [2] [3]