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A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra, the tube connected to the bladder that allows urination. The narrowing reduces the flow of urine and makes it more difficult or even painful to empty the bladder. [1] Urethral stricture is caused by injury, instrumentation, infection, and certain non-infectious forms of urethritis. The ...
Urethral sounds are designed to be inserted into the male or female urethra, for the purpose of stretching or unblocking a stricture. There are a number of different types of urethral sounds: Bakes sounds, also known as rosebud or bullet sounds, have a long thin metal rod with a bulbous bud on the end. Dittel sounds have a flat end and a ...
Saliva stagnates and forms a mucus plug behind the stricture during sleep when the salivary output of the parotid is reduced. Then, when salivary secretion is stimulated, the mucus plug becomes stuck in the stricture. [1] The backlog of saliva behind the blockage causes the swelling, and the increased pressure inside the gland causes the pain.
It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture). [ 3 ] Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia , prinzmetal angina ); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis ). [ 4 ]
Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. [1] [3] Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. [1] Males are more often affected than females. [1] In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year. [1]
Laryngotracheal stenosis is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. [10] The main causes of adult laryngotracheal stenosis are:
Symptoms vary based on the cause of the diseases. For infectious causes of urethritis, symptoms may start a few weeks to several months after infection. Non-infectious causes of urethritis commonly show symptoms after a few days. [5] Common symptoms include painful urination, continuous urge to urinate, itching, and urethral discharge.
It may be caused by vaginal infections, vulvitis, HPV (human papilloma virus) infection, anal incontinence, Bowen's disease, or dietary irritants (caffeine, potatoes, chilli, capsicum, tomatoes, and peanuts). Treatment with antibiotics can lead to a yeast infection and irritation of the vulva.
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