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The virus, which is carried by mosquitoes and birds, caused outbreaks of infection in North Africa and the Middle East in the 1950s and by the 1960s horses in Europe were also affected. The largest outbreak in humans occurred in 1974 in Cape Province , South Africa and 10,000 people became ill. [ 280 ]
A Kosovar Albanian Muslim pilgrim had contracted the smallpox virus in the Middle East. Upon returning to his home in Kosovo, he started the epidemic in which 175 people were infected, killing 35. The epidemic was efficiently contained by enforced quarantine and mass vaccination. The 1982 film Variola Vera is based on the event. [2]
The virus, which causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), is a novel coronavirus that was first identified in a patient from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 6 June 2012. Sporadic cases, small clusters, and large outbreaks have been reported in 24 countries, with over 2,600 cases of the virus and over 900 deaths, as of 2021.
Betacoronavirus cameli [1] (also known as Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus abbreviated as MERS-CoV), [2] or EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC/2012), is the virus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). [3] [4] It is a species of coronavirus which infects humans, bats, and camels. [5]
Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules. [14] In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein. [15]
The so-called "hepatoencephalitis group of murine viruses" [20] were grouped into a single species named Mouse hepatitis virus, as approved in 1971. The species was merged with Rat coronavirus (discovered in 1970 [ 23 ] ) and Puffinosis coronavirus (discovered in 1982 [ 59 ] ) as Murine coronavirus in 2009.
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV). [1] Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe depending on age and risk level. [6] [1] Typical symptoms include fever, cough, diarrhea, and shortness of breath. [1]
The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus. [19] This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance. [7] Human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43 continued to be studied in subsequent decades.