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Jules François Camille Ferry (French: [ʒyl fɛʁi]; 5 April 1832 – 17 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican philosopher. [1] He was one of the leaders of the Moderate Republicans and served as Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1881 and 1883 to 1885.
The Jules Ferry Laws are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and laic (secular) education in 1882. Jules Ferry , a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school ( l'école républicaine ).
The leaders of the group included Adolphe Thiers, Jules Ferry, Jules Grévy, Henri Wallon and René Waldeck-Rousseau. Although considered leftist at the time, the Moderate Republicans progressively evolved into a centre-right political party.
(fr) Pierre Chevallier, La séparation de l’Église et de l’école: Jules Ferry et Léon XIII, Paris, Fayard, 1981 (fr) Yves Déloye, chap. V "Les guerres scolaires", in École et citoyenneté: l’individualisme républicain de Jules Ferry à Vichy: controverses, Paris, Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1994 (ISBN ...
In March 1879, [71] debates on the Jules Ferry law on higher education—subsequently known as the law of March 18, 1880—gave rise to considerable controversy due to its Article 7, which revoked the right of congregationist teachers to confer university degrees. [72] The Republicans sought to inflict a decisive blow to Catholic education . [73]
Jules Ferry, the former prime minister, was initially seen as the front-runner in the race due to his name recognition and experience, but the more-left wing Republicans disliked him. The Radicals within the Assembly, led by Georges Clemenceau , backed an outsider in the form of former Finance Minister Sadi Carnot .
[8] [9] Thereafter, the Third Republic established secular education with the Jules Ferry laws in 1881–1882, which were a significant part of the firm establishment of the Republican regime in France, with religious instruction in all schools forbidden. [6] In 1886, another law ensured secularisation of the teaching staff of the National ...
The engines were rated at a total of 27,500 metric horsepower (20,200 kW), using steam provided by 20 (Jules Ferry) or 28 water-tube boilers. Each of the sisters had a different type of boiler; Léon Gambetta used Niclausse boilers, Jules Ferry had Guyot-du Temple boilers and Victor Hugo was fitted with Belleville boilers.