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Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma . [ 2 ]
Recent research at Imperial College London under Prof Peter Barnes has demonstrated that low doses of theophylline raise the level of the enzyme HDAC2, which may then allow glucocorticoids to reduce lung inflamation, which they are not normally effective at with COPD patients.
Hypokalemia (a decreased potassium level in the blood) is usually present during attacks. The condition may be life-threatening if weakness of the breathing muscles leads to respiratory failure, or if the low potassium levels lead to abnormal heart rhythms. [1] [2] If untreated, it is typically recurrent in nature. [1]
A human has a blood volume of around = 0.08 L/kg . [7] This gives a C 0 = {\displaystyle C_{0}=} 100 μg/mL if the drug stays in the blood stream only, and thus its volume of distribution is the same as V b l o o d {\displaystyle V_{blood}} that is V D = {\displaystyle V_{D}=} 0.08 L/kg.
There is no regulatory requirement to define the intravenous pharmacokinetics or absolute bioavailability however regulatory authorities do sometimes ask for absolute bioavailability information of the extravascular route in cases in which the bioavailability is apparently low or variable and there is a proven relationship between the ...
The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug with regard to risk of overdose.It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect. [1]
More research is needed before we know whether low vitamin D levels could be a factor in alopecia-related hair loss. Zinkevych/istockphoto. 5. Hair Products With Harsh Chemicals.
Arterial blood gases will indicate low pH, low blood HCO 3, and normal or low PaCO 2. In addition to arterial blood gas, an anion gap can also differentiate between possible causes. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is useful for calculating blood pH, because blood is a buffer solution. In the clinical setting, this equation is usually used to ...