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Fred A. Lennon and Cullen B. Crawford founded Crawford Fitting Company in Cleveland, Ohio, in July 1947 to manufacture the Swagelok tube fitting, which used a two-ferrule design to “swage” or form the tube and lock it into place. One year later, Lennon bought out Crawford and continued to grow the business.
The tool used to flare tubing consists of a die that grips the tube, and either a mandrel or rolling cone is forced into the end of the tube to form the flare by cold working. The most common flare fitting standards in use today are the 45° SAE flare [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ,the 37° JIC flare, and the 37° AN flare.
The history of copper pipe is similar. In the 1930s, the pipe was designated by its internal diameter and a 1 ⁄ 16-inch (1.6 mm) wall thickness. Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a 1 + 1 ⁄ 8-inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings.
AN sizes range from -2 (dash two) to -32 in irregular steps, with each step equating to the OD (outside diameter) of the tubing in 1 ⁄ 16-inch increments. Therefore, a -8 AN size would be equal to 1 ⁄ 2-inch OD tube. However, this system does not specify the ID (inside diameter) of the tubing because the tube wall can vary in thickness.
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...
However, mechanically fastened joints are sensitive to residual and thickness stresses caused by dissimilar metals and temperature changes. A grooved fitting, also known as a grooved coupling, has four elements: grooved pipe, gasket, coupling housing, and nuts and bolts. The groove is made by cold-forming (or machining) a groove at the end of a ...
JIC hydraulic fitting from 1967 Ford backhoe. It was badly stuck, but shows what a JIC fitting looks like. The left is the male part, the right is female. A JIC bulkhead adapter, which converts National Pipe Thread (NPT) on the left to JIC on the right. The angled seating surface is clearly visible on the far right.
Engineering fits are generally used as part of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing when a part or assembly is designed. In engineering terms, the "fit" is the clearance between two mating parts, and the size of this clearance determines whether the parts can, at one end of the spectrum, move or rotate independently from each other or, at the other end, are temporarily or permanently joined.
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