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Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling, and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Coastal upwelling will occur if the wind direction is parallel to the coastline and generates wind-driven currents.
In shallow coastal waters, the Ekman spiral is normally not fully formed and the wind events that cause upwelling episodes are typically rather short. This leads to many variations in the extent of upwelling, but the ideas are still generally applicable. [19]
Coastal upwelling occurs when the wind stress is directed with the coast on its left (right) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. If so, Ekman transport is directed away from the coast forcing waters from below to move upward. Well known coastal upwelling areas are the Canary Current, the Benguela Current, the California Current, the Humboldt ...
Coastal upwelling is the main factor contributing to the high biological productivity of the Humboldt current. [1] Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system. Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current:
Near coastal zones, winds blowing parallel to the coast can generate wind-driven currents that create an Ekman transport away from the coast. [21] This moves the upper water mass away from the coast and leads to upwelling of cooler water from depth, [9] also termed coastal upwelling.
The winds drive surface water to the right of the wind flow, that is offshore, which draws water up from below to replace it. The upwelling further cools the already cool California Current. This is the mechanism that produces California's characteristic coastal fog and cool ocean waters. As a result, ocean surf temperatures are much colder ...
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Where significant vertical movement of ocean currents is observed, this is known as upwelling and downwelling. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo-referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of seawater.