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Preceding the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, physicians and scientists held two competing theories on the causes of cholera in the human body: miasma theory and germ theory. [6] The London medical community debated between these causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city.
Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817–1831. In the years after the pandemic subsided in many areas of the world, there were still small outbreaks, and pockets of cholera remained. [8] In the period from 1823 to 1829, the first cholera outbreak remained outside of much of Europe. [8]
William Farr was born in Kenley, Shropshire, to poor parents.He was effectively adopted by a local squire, Joseph Pryce, when Farr and his family moved to Dorrington.In 1826 he took a job as a dresser (surgeon's assistant) in the Salop Infirmary in Shrewsbury and served a nominal apprenticeship to an apothecary.
John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858 [1]) was an English physician and a leader in the development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene.He is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology and early germ theory, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in London's Soho, which he identified as a particular public water pump.
In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in France. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever. [28]
England had multiple cholera epidemics during the 19th century. The earliest outbreak in Britain occurred in 1831. [28] In that year, 21,800 people died from cholera within the country. [28] These outbreaks were first blamed on the poor because they were said to smell bad and be immoral. This population was believed to cause "bad air."
Thomas Shapter (1809–1902) was born in Gibraltar, graduated from the University of Edinburgh, [1] and arrived in Exeter in the year cholera arrived, 1832. Today, Shapter is best known for the account he wrote of this devastating cholera outbreak, entitled The History of the Cholera in Exeter in 1832. He also served one term as Mayor of Exeter.
Lea's description of an outbreak of cholera in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1849, [3] presaged some of the techniques used later by John Snow in his famous investigation of the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London, England, including a detailed map of the residences of those struck with cholera in relation to their water supply.