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Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy (Nutritional Myopathy or White Muscle Disease) is a disease caused by a deficiency of selenium and vitamin E in dietary intake. [1] Soils that contains low levels of selenium produce forages and grains that are deficient in selenium.
In humans, the MSTN gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 at position 32.2. [5] Myostatin (also known as growth differentiation factor 8, abbreviated GDF8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTN gene. [6] Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle growth. [7]
True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy. It occurs in neuromuscular junction disorders, such as myasthenia gravis. Muscle weakness can also be caused by low levels of potassium and other electrolytes within muscle cells. It can be temporary or ...
Primary mitochondrial myopathies are inherited, while secondary mitochondrial myopathies may be inherited (e.g. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy) [3] or environmental (e.g. alcoholic myopathy [4] [5]). When it is an inherited primary disease, it is one of the metabolic myopathies .
A physical examination and the patient's medical history will help the doctor determine the type of muscular dystrophy. Specific muscle groups are affected by different types of muscular dystrophy. [11] An MRI can be used to assess the white matter of the nervous system and measure the merosin levels in young boys.
[13] [28] [29] [30] Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 1H (which as of 2017 was excluded from LGMD for showing signs on muscle biopsy as being a mitochondrial myopathy, but not yet assigned new nomenclature) [31] is also known to have hypertrophy of the calf muscles. [32]
Becker muscular dystrophy has adult-onset exercise-induced muscle cramping, pain, and elevated CK. [ 82 ] Tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) types 1 and 2 has exercise-induced muscle pain, fatigue, stiffness, with proximal muscle weakness and calf muscle pseudohypertrophy.
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a type of muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle loss and weakness. [1] In DM, muscles are often unable to relax after contraction. [1] Other manifestations may include cataracts, intellectual disability and heart conduction problems.