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Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek [note 2] FRS (/ ˈ ɑː n t ə n i v ɑː n ˈ l eɪ v ən h uː k,-h ʊ k / AHN-tə-nee vahn LAY-vən-hook, -huuk; Dutch: [ˈɑntoːni vɑn ˈleːu.ə(n)ˌɦuk] ⓘ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.
In modified gravity, the Einstein field equations do not hold and so these singularities do not necessarily arise. For example, in Infinite Derivative Gravity , it is possible for E [ X → ] a a {\displaystyle {E[{\vec {X}}]^{a}}_{a}} to be negative even if the Null Energy Condition holds.
1975 – Roberto Colella, Albert Overhauser, and Samuel Werner observe the quantum-mechanical phase shift of neutrons due to gravity. [194] Neutron interferometry was later used to test the principle of equivalence. [195] [196] [197] 1975 – Chandrasekhar and Steven Detweiler compute the effects of perturbations on a Schwarzschild black hole ...
Before the advent of general relativity, changes in physical processes were generally described by partial derivatives, for example, in describing changes in electromagnetic fields (see Maxwell's equations). Even in special relativity, the partial derivative is still sufficient to describe such changes. However, in general relativity, it is ...
Gravity field surrounding Earth from a macroscopic perspective. Newton's law of universal gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude. In this formula, quantities in bold represent vectors.
The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same trajectories and landing at identical times.
is the equation of motion for the metric field. The right hand side of this equation is (by definition) proportional to the stress–energy tensor, [4]:= = +. To calculate the left hand side of the equation we need the variations of the Ricci scalar and the determinant of the metric.
It is due to the influence of gravity on the geometry of space and to the contribution of self-energy to a body's gravity (encoded in the nonlinearity of Einstein's equations). [92] Relativistic precession has been observed for all planets that allow for accurate precession measurements (Mercury, Venus, and Earth), [ 93 ] as well as in binary ...