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Statistically, a communication channel is usually modeled as a tuple consisting of an input alphabet, an output alphabet, and for each pair (i, o) of input and output elements, a transition probability p(i, o). Semantically, the transition probability is the probability that the symbol o is received given that i was transmitted over the channel.
The formula is derived from the speed of light and the length of the sequence [citation needed]: M U R = ( c ∗ 0.5 ∗ T S P ) {\displaystyle MUR=\left(c*0.5*TSP\right)} where c is the speed of light , usually in metres per microsecond, and TSP is the addition of all the positions of the stagger sequence, usually in microseconds.
Most high speed serial signals, such as PCIe, DisplayPort, and most variants of Ethernet, use a line code which is intended to allow easy clock recovery by means of a PLL. Since this is how the actual receiver works, the most accurate way to slice data for the eye pattern is to implement a PLL with the same characteristics in software.
where D represents distance, P power and S speed. The equation means that double the communication distance requires four times the power. It also means double power allows double communication speed (bit rate). Double power is approximately 3 dB increase (or exactly 10×log 10 (2) ≈ 3.0103000). Of course, in the real world there are all ...
A 'signal space diagram' is an ideal constellation diagram showing the correct position of the point representing each symbol. After passing through a communication channel, due to electronic noise or distortion added to the signal, the amplitude and phase received by the demodulator may differ from the correct value for the symbol. When ...
In telecommunications, a message exchange pattern (MEP) describes the pattern of messages required by a communications protocol to establish or use a communication channel. The communications protocol is the format used to represent the message which all communicating parties agree on (or are capable to process).
In telecommunications, frame synchronization or framing is the process by which, while receiving a stream of fixed-length frames, the receiver identifies the frame boundaries, permitting the data bits within the frame to be extracted for decoding or retransmission.
Most of the communication primitives presented in this article share a common template. [2] Initially, each processing element possesses one message that must reach every other processing element during the course of the algorithm. The following pseudo code sketches the communication steps necessary.