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Most high speed serial signals, such as PCIe, DisplayPort, and most variants of Ethernet, use a line code which is intended to allow easy clock recovery by means of a PLL. Since this is how the actual receiver works, the most accurate way to slice data for the eye pattern is to implement a PLL with the same characteristics in software.
Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication. Dogs have shown an ability to understand human communication. In object choice tasks, dogs utilize human communicative gestures such as pointing and direction of gaze in order to locate hidden food and toys ...
The formula is derived from the speed of light and the length of the sequence [citation needed]: M U R = ( c ∗ 0.5 ∗ T S P ) {\displaystyle MUR=\left(c*0.5*TSP\right)} where c is the speed of light , usually in metres per microsecond, and TSP is the addition of all the positions of the stagger sequence, usually in microseconds.
where D represents distance, P power and S speed. The equation means that double the communication distance requires four times the power. It also means double power allows double communication speed (bit rate). Double power is approximately 3 dB increase (or exactly 10×log 10 (2) ≈ 3.0103000). Of course, in the real world there are all ...
The propagation delay of a physical link can be calculated by dividing the distance (the length of the medium) in meter by its propagation speed in m/s. Propagation time = Distance / propagation speed. Example: Ethernet communication over a UTP copper cable with maximum distance of 100 meter between computer and switching node results in:
Statistically, a communication channel is usually modeled as a tuple consisting of an input alphabet, an output alphabet, and for each pair (i, o) of input and output elements, a transition probability p(i, o). Semantically, the transition probability is the probability that the symbol o is received given that i was transmitted over the channel.
An eye pattern, which overlays many samples of a signal, can give a graphical representation of the signal characteristics. The first image above is the eye pattern for a binary phase-shift keying (PSK) system in which a one is represented by an amplitude of −1 and a zero by an amplitude of +1. The current sampling time is at the center of ...
Aliasing in spatially sampled signals (e.g., moiré patterns in digital images) is referred to as spatial aliasing. Aliasing is generally avoided by applying low-pass filters or anti-aliasing filters (AAF) to the input signal before sampling and when converting a signal from a higher to a lower sampling rate.