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Earth cutaway from core to exosphere Geothermal drill machine in Wisconsin, USA. Temperature within Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 and 1,200 °C (1,200 and 2,200 °F) are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid ...
Graph of different thermoclines (depth versus temperature) based on seasons and latitude Two moon jellyfish disturbing a thermocline in the top water layer of Gullmarn fjord, Sweden For the use of ocean thermoclines to generate energy, see Ocean thermal energy conversion .
Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters. [1] In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. [2] Deep ocean water is cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. This water has a uniform temperature of around 0-3 °C. [3]
The effects of climate change on the water cycle have important negative effects on the availability of freshwater resources, as well as other water reservoirs such as oceans, ice sheets, the atmosphere and soil moisture. The water cycle is essential to life on Earth and plays a large role in the global climate system and ocean circulation.
The saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR), or moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR), is the decrease in temperature of a parcel of water-saturated air that rises in the atmosphere. It varies with the temperature and pressure of the parcel and is often in the range 3.6 to 9.2 °C/km (2 to 5 °F/1000 ft ), as obtained from the International Civil ...
The rising temperature contributes to a rise in sea levels due to the expansion of water as it warms and the melting of ice sheets on land. Other effects on oceans include sea ice decline, reducing pH values and oxygen levels, as well as increased ocean stratification.
Slow changes to the bifurcation parameters in this system – the salinity and temperature of the water – may push the circulation towards collapse. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Many types of bifurcations show hysteresis , [ 158 ] which is the dependence of the state of a system on its history.
The initial concept of visualizing historical temperature data has been extended to involve animation, [10] to visualize sea level rise [11] and predictive climate data, [12] and to visually juxtapose temperature trends with other data such as atmospheric CO 2 concentration, [13] global glacier retreat, [14] precipitation, [4] progression of ...