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Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science and software engineering, especially within the object-oriented programming paradigm. [3] Examples of this include: the usage of abstract data types to separate usage from working representations of data within programs; [4]
In object oriented programming, objects provide a layer which can be used to separate internal from external code and implement abstraction and encapsulation. External code can only use an object by calling a specific instance method with a certain set of input parameters, reading an instance variable, or writing to an instance variable.
Abstraction Definition Usage Variable: A storage location paired with an associated symbolic name that contains some known or unknown quantity of information referred to as a value. Typically used in all programming paradigms. Function: An abstraction representing a set of instructions that can be applied to input data to produce output.
Abstraction is a process where general rules and concepts are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (real or concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods. "An abstraction" is the outcome of this process — a concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate concepts and connects any related ...
The abstraction principle is mentioned in several books. Some of these, together with the formulation if it is succinct, are listed below. Alfred John Cole, Ronald Morrison (1982) An introduction to programming with S-algol: "[Abstraction] when applied to language design is to define all the semantically meaningful syntactic categories in the language and allow an abstraction over them".
Separate an abstraction (Abstraction) from its implementation (Implementor) by putting them in separate class hierarchies. Implement the Abstraction in terms of (by delegating to) an Implementor object. This enables to configure an Abstraction with an Implementor object at run-time. See also the Unified Modeling Language class and sequence ...
In languages supporting multiple inheritance, such as C++, interfaces are implemented as abstract classes. In languages without explicit support, protocols are often still present as conventions. This is known as duck typing. For example, in Python, any class can implement an __iter__ method and be used as a collection. [3]
In class-based programming, a factory is an abstraction of a constructor of a class, while in prototype-based programming a factory is an abstraction of a prototype object. A constructor is concrete in that it creates objects as instances of one class, and by a specified process (class instantiation), while a factory can create objects by instantiating various classes, or by using other ...