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The horizontal axis shows the rotational speed (in rpm) that the crankshaft is turning, and the vertical axis is the torque (in newton-metres) that the engine is capable of providing at that speed. Torque forms part of the basic specification of an engine: the power output of an engine is expressed as its torque multiplied by the angular speed ...
One newton-metre is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one metre long. The unit is also used less commonly as a unit of work , or energy , in which case it is equivalent to the more common and standard SI unit of energy, the joule . [ 2 ]
The torque developed by the linear motion of the piston depends on the angle that the driving rod makes with the tangent of the radius on the driving wheel. [note 3] For a more useful value an average value over the rotation of the wheel is used. The driving force is the torque divided by the wheel radius.
The moment of force, or torque, is a first moment: =, or, more generally, .; Similarly, angular momentum is the 1st moment of momentum: =.Momentum itself is not a moment.; The electric dipole moment is also a 1st moment: = for two opposite point charges or () for a distributed charge with charge density ().
If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear, then the gear train is called a speed reducer (Force multiplier). In this case, because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer will amplify the input torque.
The torque is then related to the lever length, shaft diameter and measured force. The device is generally used over a range of engine speeds to obtain power and torque curves for the engine, since there is a non-linear relationship between torque and engine speed for most engine types. Power output in SI units may be calculated as follows:
But, since power is also equal to force multiplied by speed, the force of the linear motor is = / or = /. The inverse relationship between force per unit current and K v {\displaystyle K_{\text{v}}} of a linear motor has been demonstrated.
This is a feature beyond what a simple fluid coupling provides, which can match rotational speed but does not multiply torque. Fluid-coupling–based torque converters also typically include a lock-up function to rigidly couple input and output and avoid the efficiency losses associated with transmitting torque by fluid flow when operating ...