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2. What causes kidney stones? What does kidney stone pain ... - AOL

   www.aol.com/causes-kidney-stones-does-kidney...

   Here are a couple of treatments, both invasive and noninvasive, to remove kidney stones: Shock-wave lithotripsy: This procedure uses high-energy sound waves to blast the stones into tiny pieces ...

3. Lithotomy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotomy

   Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" and "tomos" (), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.

4. Kidney stone disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

   Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]

5. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_nephrolithotomy

   Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally-invasive procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) through the skin. It is most suitable to remove stones of more than 2 cm in size and which are present near the pelvic region. It is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia.

6. The #1 Sign of Kidney Stones Most People Miss ... - AOL

   www.aol.com/1-sign-kidney-stones-most-232500375.html

   Treatments depend on the patient, the type of kidney stone and several other factors. These include: Surgical intervention. Some patients may need surgery to remove kidney stones or to help them pass.

7. Laser lithotripsy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_lithotripsy

   The experimental thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being studied as a potential alternative to the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for the treatment of kidney stones. The TFL has several potential advantages compared to Ho:YAG laser for lithotripsy, including a four times lower ablation threshold, a near single-mode beam profile, and higher pulse rates ...