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Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian Subcontinent.
Avalonia is the largest of the peri-Gondwanan terranes, a series of continental blocks that more or less simultaneously broke off the margins of the southern supercontinent Gondwana and therefore share an early Paleozoic marine fauna. They were pulled northward and eventually collided to form the Appalachian, Caledonide, and Variscan orogens ...
Euramerica in the Devonian [citation needed] Map of Earth around 405 million years ago, during the Early Devonian, showing Euramerica (centre) and Gondwana (south and east) Laurentia remained almost static near the Equator throughout the early Palaeozoic, separated from Baltica by the up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi)-wide Iapetus Ocean . [ 20 ]
The Tethys Ocean splitting Laurasia from Gondwana. Dinosaurs evolved partway through the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era, around 230 Ma (million years ago). At that time, the earth had one supercontinental landmass, called Pangaea, of which Europe was a part. So it remained throughout the Triassic.
Europe Lopian orogeny: 2.9 2.6 Europe Svecofennian orogeny: 2.0 1.75 Europe Gothian orogeny: 1.75 1.5 Europe Sveconorwegian orogeny: 1.14 .96 Europe Timanide orogeny.62 .55 Europe Cadomian orogeny.66 .54 Europe Caledonian orogeny.49 .39 Europe Variscan orogeny.44 .35 Europe Uralian orogeny.32 .25 Europe Alpine orogeny.15 .25 Europe ...
Pannotia was centred on the South Pole, hence its name. Pannotia (from Greek: pan-, "all", -nótos, "south"; meaning "all southern land"), also known as the Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, was a relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that formed at the end of the Precambrian during the Pan-African orogeny (650–500 Ma), during the ...
In the Neoproterozoic most of the Earth's landmasses were united in the Rodinia supercontinent.The majority of its bulk consisted of the landmass of Gondwana. [Note 1] Near the end of the Neoproterozoic, during the breakup of this supercontinent, Laurentia [Note 2] and Baltica [Note 3] rifted from the western (Amazonian craton) and northern (African) margins of Gondwana respectively.
Location of the Hercynian-Alleghenian mountain belts in the middle of the Carboniferous period.Present day coastlines are indicated in grey for reference. [1]The Variscan orogeny, or Hercynian orogeny, was a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea.