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The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (speech segment). [note 3] This means that: It does not normally use combinations of letters to represent single sounds, the way English does with sh , th and ng , nor single letters to represent multiple sounds, the way x represents /ks/ or /ɡz/ in English.
Within the chart “close”, “open”, “mid”, “front”, “central”, and “back” refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. [3] At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. [4]
As of Unicode version 16.0, there are 155,063 characters with code points, covering 168 modern and historical scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets.This article includes the 1,062 characters in the Multilingual European Character Set 2 subset, and some additional related characters.
The semantic and graphic categories of the symbols are assigned different ranges of numbers: The 100 series are IPA consonants, the 200s retired and non-IPA consonants, the 300s vowels, the 400s diacritics, the 500s suprasegmentals, the 600s extIPA, the 700s capital letters and the 900s delimiters. [1]
Several non-English letters have traditional names: ç c cedilla, ð eth (also spelled edh), ŋ engma or eng, ə schwa (also spelled shwa), ǃ exclamation mark, ǀ pipe. Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ɾ fish-hook r , ɤ ram's horns , ʘ bull's eye , ʃ esh (apparently never 'stretched s'), ʒ ...
The Simpel-Fonetik alphabet is based on the Latin script, with the addition of three letters with diacritics: ä, ö, and ü (with umlaut). The alphabet does not include the letters c, q, x, or y, which are only used when writing unassimilated foreign terms or proper names. The 25-letter alphabet is: [3] [4]
The Numero Group is an American archival/reissue record label formed in 2002. [1] In the twenty years since the label's establishment, they have released hundreds of releases ranging from soul and funk to punk rock and pop to ambient and electronica.