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Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) is a linear predictive speech coding algorithm originally proposed by Manfred R. Schroeder and Bishnu S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as residual-excited linear prediction (RELP) and linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoders (e.g., FS-1015).
A linear encoder is a sensor, transducer or readhead paired with a scale that encodes position. The sensor reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal , which can then be decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller.
This is somewhat popular in electronic music. Paul Lansky made the well-known computer music piece notjustmoreidlechatter using linear predictive coding. [18] A 10th-order LPC was used in the popular 1980s Speak & Spell educational toy. LPC predictors are used in Shorten, MPEG-4 ALS, FLAC, SILK audio codec, and other lossless audio codecs.
The acceptable trade-off between loss of audio quality and transmission or storage size depends upon the application. For example, one 640 MB compact disc (CD) holds approximately one hour of uncompressed high fidelity music, less than 2 hours of music compressed losslessly, or 7 hours of music compressed in the MP3 format at a medium bit rate ...
A convolutional encoder is a discrete linear time-invariant system. Every output of an encoder can be described by its own transfer function, which is closely related to the generator polynomial. An impulse response is connected with a transfer function through Z-transform. Transfer functions for the first (non-recursive) encoder are:
In particular, the most common speech coding scheme is the LPC-based code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding, which is used for example in the GSM standard. In CELP, the modeling is divided in two stages, a linear predictive stage that models the spectral envelope and a code-book-based model of the residual of the linear predictive model.
Free and open-source software portal; libavcodec is a free and open-source [4] library of codecs for encoding and decoding video and audio data. [5]libavcodec is an integral part of many open-source multimedia applications and frameworks.
There is also FAAC, the same project's encoder, but it is proprietary (but still free of charge). libgsm – Lossy compression ; opencore-amr – Lossy compression (AMR and AMR-WB) liba52 – a free ATSC A/52 stream decoder (AC-3) libdca – a free DTS Coherent Acoustics decoder; Codec2 – Low bitrate compression, primarily voice