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Variable costs are costs that change as the quantity of the good or service that a business produces changes. [1] Variable costs are the sum of marginal costs over all units produced. They can also be considered normal costs. Fixed costs and variable costs make up the two components of total cost.
In economics, average variable cost (AVC) is a firm's variable costs (VC; labour, electricity, etc.) divided by the quantity of output produced (Q): = Average variable cost plus average fixed cost equals average total cost (ATC): A V C + A F C = A T C . {\displaystyle AVC+AFC=ATC.}
Variable costing is generally not used for external reporting purposes. Under the Tax Reform Act of 1986, income statements must use absorption costing to comply with GAAP. Variable costing is a costing method that includes only variable manufacturing costs—direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead—in unit product ...
Average variable cost (AVC/SRAVC) (which is a short-run concept) is the variable cost (typically labor cost) per unit of output: SRAVC = wL / Q where w is the wage rate, L is the quantity of labor used, and Q is the quantity of output produced. The SRAVC curve plots the short-run average variable cost against the level of output and is ...
Contribution margin (CM), or dollar contribution per unit, is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. "Contribution" represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes to the coverage of fixed costs. This concept is one of the key building blocks of break-even analysis. [1]
Along with variable costs, fixed costs make up one of the two components of total cost: total cost is equal to fixed costs plus variable costs. In accounting and economics , fixed costs , also known as indirect costs or overhead costs , are business expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by the business.
In economics, the marginal cost is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced is increased, i.e. the cost of producing additional quantity. [1] In some contexts, it refers to an increment of one unit of output, and in others it refers to the rate of change of total cost as output is increased by an infinitesimal amount.
Ordering cost: This is the cost of placing orders: each order has a fixed cost , and we need to order / times per year. This is K D / Q {\displaystyle KD/Q} Holding cost: the average quantity in stock (between fully replenished and empty) is Q / 2 {\displaystyle Q/2} , so this cost is h Q / 2 {\displaystyle hQ/2}