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CD68 immunostaining demonstrating macrophages and giant cells in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis CD68 ( C luster of D ifferentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes , osteoclasts ), by circulating macrophages , and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells , microglia ).
Structurally, the lamp proteins consist of two internally homologous lysosome-luminal domains separated by a proline-rich hinge region; at the C-terminal extremity there is a transmembrane region (TM) followed by a very short cytoplasmic tail (C). In each of the duplicated domains, there are two conserved disulfide bonds. This structure is ...
Macrophages are highly variable in size and morphology, their cytoplasm contains numerous acid phosphatase laden lysosomes – in relation to their specialised phagocytic function. They express CD68. Dendritic cells have an indented (bean-shaped) nucleus and cytoplasm with thin processes (dendritic).
Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) also known as lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 and CD107a (Cluster of Differentiation 107a), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMP1 gene. The human LAMP1 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 13 at region 3, band 4 (13q34).
A lysosome (/ ˈ l aɪ s ə ˌ s oʊ m /) is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. [1] [2] They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins and its lumenal proteins.
Multinucleated giant cells due to an infection. H&E stain.. A giant cell (also known as a multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma.
They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68. [9] Macrophages were first discovered and named by Élie Metchnikoff, a Russian Empire zoologist, in 1884. [10] [11]
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains.
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