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In approximately one-third of these cases the man is the factor, in one third the woman is the factor, and in the remaining third the infertility is a product of factors on both parts. In many lower-income countries, estimating infertility is difficult due to incomplete information and infertility and childlessness stigmas .
About 10–15% of human couples are infertile, unable to conceive.In approximately in half of these cases, the underlying cause is related to the male. The underlying causative factors in the male infertility can be attributed to environmental toxins, systemic disorders such as, hypothalamic–pituitary disease, testicular cancers and germ-cell aplasia.
Causes or factors of female infertility can basically be classified regarding whether they are acquired or genetic, or strictly by location. Although factors of female infertility can be classified as either acquired or genetic, female infertility is usually more or less a combination of nature and nurture.
Factors generally associated with increased fertility include religiosity, [10] intention to have children, [11] and maternal support. [12] Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth , education, [ 13 ] [ 14 ] female labor participation , [ 15 ] urban residence, [ 16 ] cost of housing, [ 17 ] [ 18 ] intelligence ...
20-30% percent of infertility cases are due to male infertility, 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25-40% are due to combined problems. [13] In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found. [13] The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems, which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods. [60]
[3] 15-30% of male factor infertility cases can be correlated with genetic abnormalities. [5] One of the most commonly identified genetic abnormalities in male factor infertility are microdeletions on the long arm of the Y chromosome (Yq), specifically at a region known as the azoospermic factor (AZF) region. [3]
Legal factors also play a vital role in the achievement of human reproduction: a minor under the age of consent cannot give legal consent to sexual intercourse or artificial alternatives to reproduction, the former case of which is liable to have the older party charged with statutory rape, depending on jurisdictions.
The male infertility crisis is an increase in male infertility since the mid-1970s. [91] The issue attracted media attention after a 2017 meta-analysis found that sperm counts in Western countries had declined by 52.4 percent between 1973 and 2011.