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  2. Human physiology of underwater diving - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology_of...

    A consistent variation in delivered pressure difference does not affect the work of breathing of the apparatus - the whole graph is shifted up or down without change to the enclosed area - but the effort required for inhalation and exhalation are perceptibly different from normal, and if excessive, may make it difficult or impossible to breathe.

  3. Physiology of underwater diving - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology_of_underwater...

    A larger body mass correlates to a relatively lower metabolic rate, while oxygen storage is directly proportional to body mass, so larger animals should be able to dive for longer, all other things being equal. Swimming efficiency also affects diving ability, as low drag and high propulsive efficiency requires less energy for the same dive.

  4. Snorkel (swimming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)

    A snorkel is used to allow the user to breathe atmospheric air when their face is immersed in water while swimming or floating at the surface. [1] To work effectively, the snorkel must allow the user to inhale and exhale comfortably over an extended period, and provide a sufficient volume of air with appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide content to maintain a sufficient and comfortable ...

  5. Breathing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing

    Real-time magnetic resonance imaging of the human thorax during breathing X-ray video of a female American alligator while breathing. Breathing (spiration [1] or ventilation) is the rhythmical process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen.

  6. Work of breathing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_of_breathing

    The normal relaxed state of the lung and chest is partially empty. Further exhalation requires muscular work. Inhalation is an active process requiring work. [4] Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing is breathing ...

  7. Respiratory system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

    Cetacea are deliberate breathers who must be awake to inhale and exhale. When stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled, it condenses as it meets colder external air. As with a terrestrial mammal breathing out on a cold day, a small cloud of 'steam' appears. This is called the 'spout' and varies across species in shape, angle and height.

  8. Respiration (physiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)

    The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and ...

  9. Muscles of respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration

    Accessory muscles of respiration are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing. Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of respiratory distress . [ 3 ] There is no definitive list of accessory muscles, but the sternocleidomastoid and the scalenes (anterior, middle, and posterior) are typically included ...