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Hemorrhoids (or haemorrhoids), also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. [ 2 ] They become a disease when swollen or inflamed ; the unqualified term hemorrhoid is often used to refer to the disease. [ 8 ]
Conventional hemorrhoidectomy provides permanent symptomatic relief for most patients, and effectively treats any external component of the hemorrhoids. However, the wounds created by the surgery are usually associated with considerable post-operative pain which necessitates a prolonged recovery period.
Hemorrhoidal artery embolization (HAE, or hemorrhoid artery embolization) is a non-surgical treatment of internal hemorrhoids. [ 1 ] The procedure involves blocking the abnormal blood flow to the rectal (hemorrhoidal) arteries using microcoils and/or microparticles to decrease the size of the hemorrhoids and improve hemorrhoid related symptoms ...
Hemorrhoids are fed by arteries and drained by veins. The arterial blood supply is based on the superior rectal (hemorrhoidal) artery. Just as veins in the leg weaken and become prominent, hemorrhoidal veins also may become varicose, resulting in internal hemorrhoids or “piles”. Internal hemorrhoids are divided into four grades.
The rectal venous plexus consists of an external rectal plexus [4]: 598 [5]: 294 that is situated outside to the muscular wall, [3] [4]: 598 [5]: 294 and an internal rectal plexus [4]: 598 [5]: 294 that is situated in the submucosa [5]: 294 /deep to the mucosa [3] [4]: 598 of the rectum and proximal anal canal [3] at the anorectal junction.
Hemorrhoid pain can be managed with a variety of methods. Some recommendations for reducing the pain of hemorrhoids include: cleansing with warm water, hemorrhoid creams, increasing fluids, lying on the site and sitz baths. [17] Medications controlling pain will begin to wear off. This is also true when an epidural or spinal block is given. [5]
Perianal hematoma are caused by the rupture of a small vein that drains blood from the anus. [4] This rupture may be the result of forceful or strained bowel movement, anal sex or caused by heavy lifting, coughing or straining.
Causes of lower GI bleeds include: hemorrhoids, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease among others. [2] [1] Small amounts of bleeding may be detected by fecal occult blood test. [1] Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract may locate the area of bleeding. [1] Medical imaging may be useful in cases that are not clear. [1]