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Blepharospasm is aggravated by fatigue, stress, and environmental factors such as wind or air pollution. [ 21 ] Although blepharospasm is defined as a bilaterally symmetric disorder that affects both eyes, some research has reported unilateral onset.
At the turn of the 20th century, there was no textbook in the English language on neuro-ophthalmology. In 1906, Dr. William Campbell Posey, Professor of Ophthalmology in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and Dr. William G. Spiller, Professor of Neurology in the University of Pennsylvania, edited The Eye and Nervous System: Their Diagnostic Relations By Various Authors J.B. Lippincott & Co.
The Town of Norwood is located 13 miles southwest of Boston, placing it in the Boston Metropolitan Area. [5] According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 10.6 square miles (27.3 km 2), of which 10.5 square mile (27.1 km 2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.2 km 2) (0.66%) is water.
The hospital's main campus is located in Boston's West End, surrounded by various Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) buildings. MEEI and MGH are both Harvard Medical School teaching hospitals; the MGH departments of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology are actually departments at MEEI, [4] [5] and both hospitals tend to refer patients to one another.
When OMD is combined with blepharospasm, it may be referred to as Meige's Syndrome named after Henri Meige, [1] the French neurologist who first described the symptoms in detail in 1910. The symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men (2:1 ratio ).
Blepharophimosis forms a part of blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), also called blepharophimosis syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by blepharophimosis, ptosis (upper eyelid drooping), epicanthus inversus (skin folds by the nasal bridge, more prominent lower than upper lid) and telecanthus (widening of the distance between the inner ...
Botulinum toxin injected into the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle has been shown to be beneficial in some cases associated with orbicularis oculi contraction or blepharospasm. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Levodopa has been reported to improve symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. [1] [2] The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and cognitive impairment. [1]