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In mathematics, integral equations are equations in which an unknown function appears under an integral sign. [1] In mathematical notation, integral equations may thus be expressed as being of the form: where is an integral operator acting on u. Hence, integral equations may be viewed as the analog to differential equations where instead of the ...
Calculus. In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
A linear Volterra integral equation is a convolution equation if. {\displaystyle x (t)=f (t)+\int _ {t_ {0}}^ {t}K (t-s)x (s)\,ds.} The function in the integral is called the kernel. Such equations can be analyzed and solved by means of Laplace transform techniques. For a weakly singular kernel of the form with , Volterra integral equation of ...
Nyström method. In mathematics numerical analysis, the Nyström method[1] or quadrature method seeks the numerical solution of an integral equation by replacing the integral with a representative weighted sum. The continuous problem is broken into discrete intervals; quadrature or numerical integration determines the weights and locations of ...
In mathematics, a collocation method is a method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations and integral equations.The idea is to choose a finite-dimensional space of candidate solutions (usually polynomials up to a certain degree) and a number of points in the domain (called collocation points), and to select that solution which satisfies the ...
A Fredholm equation is an integral equation in which the term containing the kernel function (defined below) has constants as integration limits. A closely related form is the Volterra integral equation which has variable integral limits. An inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the first kind is written as.
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly.
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, contour integration is a method of evaluating certain integrals along paths in the complex plane. [1][2][3] Contour integration is closely related to the calculus of residues, [4] a method of complex analysis. One use for contour integrals is the evaluation of integrals along the real line that are ...