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Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen, [3] comprising roughly 13.5% of mammalian collagen. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability. [4] They permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. [5]
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2] 1.030 [1] [2] g/mL Urobilinogen:
The interpretation of urinalysis takes into account the results of physical, chemical and microscopic examination and the person's overall condition. Urine test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test, or using information provided by the test strip/device manufacturer. [136]
Automatic analysis of urine test strips using automated urine test strip analysers is a well-established practice in modern-day urinalysis. They can measure calcium , blood, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, leukocytes, creatinine , microalbumin , pH, ascorbic acid and protein.
Contemporary urine testing uses a range of methods to investigate the physical and biochemical properties of the urine. For instance, the results of the routine urinalysis can provide information about the functioning of the kidneys and urinary system; suggest the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); and screen for possible diabetes or ...
Urodynamic testing or urodynamics is a study that assesses how the bladder and urethra are performing their job of storing and releasing urine. Urodynamic tests can help explain symptoms such as: incontinence [1] frequent urination; sudden, strong urges to urinate but nothing comes out; problems starting a urine stream; painful urination
The Paris System for reporting urine cytology, version 2.0, ranging from negative to positive for high grade urothelial carcinoma. [1] Urine cytology is a test that looks for abnormal cells in urine under a microscope. The test commonly checks for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer, or precancerous conditions.
Iminoglycinuria is an autosomal recessive [4] disorder of renal tubular transport affecting reabsorption of the amino acid glycine, and the imino acids proline and hydroxyproline. [4] [5] This results in excess urinary excretion of all three acids (-uria denotes "in the urine"). [6]