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A presupposition trigger is a lexical item or linguistic construction which is responsible for the presupposition, and thus "triggers" it. [4] The following is a selection of presuppositional triggers following Stephen C. Levinson 's classic textbook on Pragmatics , which in turn draws on a list produced by Lauri Karttunen .
In pragmatics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, an implicature is something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally expressed. Implicatures can aid in communicating more efficiently than by explicitly saying everything we want to communicate. [ 1 ]
Linguistic entailments are entailments which arise in natural language. If a sentence A entails a sentence B , sentence A cannot be true without B being true as well. [ 1 ] For instance, the English sentence "Pat is a fluffy cat" entails the sentence "Pat is a cat" since one cannot be a fluffy cat without being a cat.
She is an Emeritus Professor at the Department of Linguistics of Ohio State University. Her work in the areas of pragmatics and formal semantics explores how meaning is conveyed through anaphora , definiteness , and specificity of referring expressions, the modeling of presupposition and implicature, and methods for capturing modality, mood ...
In pragmatics, scalar implicature, or quantity implicature, [1] is an implicature that attributes an implicit meaning beyond the explicit or literal meaning of an utterance, and which suggests that the utterer had a reason for not using a more informative or stronger term on the same scale. The choice of the weaker characterization suggests ...
In the linguistic field of pragmatics, an inference is said to be defeasible or cancellable if it can be made to disappear by the addition of another statement, or an appropriate context. For example, sentence [i] would normally implicate [ii] by scalar implicature: i: Alice has three children. ii: Alice has exactly three children.
If speaker and addressee know that Susan is a sore loser, an implicature of (5) could be (7) Susan needs to be cheered up. The distinction between explicature and implicature is not always clear-cut. For example, the inference (8) He drank a bottle of vodka and fell into a stupor. → He drank a bottle of vodka and consequently fell into a stupor.
In semantics, pragmatics, and philosophy of language, the common ground of a conversation is the set of propositions that the interlocutors have agreed to treat as true. For a proposition to be in the common ground, it must be common knowledge in the conversational context.