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In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher redox potential , is used by the complexes in ...
The product of the electron and hole densities (and ) is a constant (=) at equilibrium, maintained by recombination and generation occurring at equal rates. When there is a surplus of carriers (i.e., n p > n i 2 {\displaystyle np>n_{i}^{2}} ), the rate of recombination becomes greater than the rate of generation, driving the system back towards ...
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
In outer sphere redox reactions no bonds are formed or broken; only an electron transfer (ET) takes place. A quite simple example is the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ redox reaction, the self exchange reaction which is known to be always occurring in an aqueous solution containing the aquo complexes [Fe(H 2 O) 6] 2+ and [Fe(H 2 O)6] 3+.
As an example, self-exchange describes the degenerate reaction between permanganate and its one-electron reduced relative manganate: [MnO 4] − + [Mn*O 4] 2− → [MnO 4] 2− + [Mn*O 4] −. In general, if electron transfer is faster than ligand substitution, the reaction will follow the outer-sphere electron transfer route.
The energy transfer to electron and positron in pair production interactions is given by ( E k p p ) tr = h ν − 2 m e c 2 {\displaystyle (E_{k}^{pp})_{\text{tr}}=h\nu -2\,m_{\text{e}}c^{2}} where h {\displaystyle h} is the Planck constant , ν {\displaystyle \nu } is the frequency of the photon and the 2 m e c 2 {\displaystyle 2\,m_{\text{e ...
The electron donating power of a donor molecule is measured by its ionization potential, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital . The overall energy balance (ΔE), i.e., energy gained or lost, in an electron donor-acceptor transfer is determined by the difference between the acceptor's ...
The major product of the addition reaction will be the one formed from the more stable intermediate. Therefore, the major product of the addition of HX (where X is some atom more electronegative than H) to an alkene has the hydrogen atom in the less substituted position and X in the more substituted position.