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Nanoscale iron particles are sub-micrometer particles of iron metal. [1] Due to their high catalytic activity, low toxicity, and strong adsorption capacity, iron-based nanoparticles are widely utilized in drug delivery, magnetic targeting, gene therapy, and environmental remediation. [2]
Labelling cells (e.g. stem cells, dendritic cells) with iron oxide nanoparticles is an interesting new tool to monitor such labelled cells in real time by magnetic resonance tomography. [13] [14] Some forms of Iron oxide nanoparticle have been found to be toxic and cause transcriptional reprogramming. [15] [16]
Ferrite nanoparticles or iron oxide nanoparticles (iron oxides in crystal structure of maghemite or magnetite) are the most explored magnetic nanoparticles up to date.Once the ferrite particles become smaller than 128 nm [22] they become superparamagnetic which prevents self agglomeration since they exhibit their magnetic behavior only when an external magnetic field is applied.
The top-down approach is breaking down of a system into small components, while bottom-up is assembling sub-systems into larger system. [15] A bottom-up approach for nano-assembly is a primary research target for nano-fabrication because top down synthesis is expensive (requiring external work) and is not selective on very small length scales, but is currently the primary mode of industrial ...
Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals, semiconductors, or oxides are of particular interest for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other properties. [30] [31] Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and as chemical catalysts such as nanomaterial-based catalysts.
Nanoparticles are distinguished from microparticles (1-1000 μm), "fine particles" (sized between 100 and 2500 nm), and "coarse particles" (ranging from 2500 to 10,000 nm), because their smaller size drives very different physical or chemical properties, like colloidal properties and ultrafast optical effects [3] or electric properties.
Nanoparticles can also be functionalized with polymers or oligomers to sterically stabilize the nanoparticles by providing a protective layer that prevents the nanoparticles from interacting with each other. [8] Alloys of two metals, called bimetallic nanoparticles, are used to create synergistic effects on catalysis between the two metals. [9]
Airborne and waterborne nanoparticles enter from building ventilation and wastewater systems. [22] Effect of nanoparticles on societal issues: As sensors become commonplace, a loss of privacy and autonomy may result from users interacting with increasingly intelligent building components. [22]