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Activator-binding sites may be located very close to the promoter or numerous base pairs away. [2] [3] If the regulatory sequence is located far away, the DNA will loop over itself (DNA looping) in order for the bound activator to interact with the transcription machinery at the promoter site. [2] [3]
The histone tails insert themselves in the minor grooves of the DNA and extend through the double helix, [1] which leaves them open for modifications involved in transcriptional activation. [3] Acetylation has been closely associated with increases in transcriptional activation while deacetylation has been linked with transcriptional deactivation.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the AICDA gene. [5] It creates mutations in DNA [ 6 ] [ 7 ] by deamination of cytosine base, which turns it into uracil (which is recognized as a thymine ).
Common sites of methylation associated with gene activation include H3K4, H3K48, and H3K79. Common sites for gene inactivation include H3K9 and H3K27. [ 8 ] Studies of these sites have found that methylation of histone tails at different residues serve as markers for the recruitment of various proteins or protein complexes that serve to ...
The active site consists of amino acid residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate, the binding site, and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate, the catalytic site. Although the active site occupies only ~10–20% of the volume of an enzyme, [ 1 ] : 19 it is the most important part as it directly catalyzes the chemical ...
Upstream activation sequences are a crucial part of induction, enhancing the expression of the protein of interest through increased transcriptional activity. [2] The upstream activation sequence is found adjacently upstream to a minimal promoter and serves as a binding site for transactivators.
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Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand). Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long, the sequence of which is highly dependent on the gene and product of transcription, type or class of RNA polymerase recruited to the site, and species of organism.
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