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Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and is one of the main psychoactive constituents in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [4] It is an atypical opioid that is typically consumed as a part of kratom for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
Kratom overdose is a subject of concern in many countries because of the associated rising number of hospitalizations and deaths in which chronic kratom use is a contributing factor. [11] [16] According to clinical reviews, a kratom overdose can cause liver toxicity, seizures, coma, and death, [16] especially in combination with excessive ...
First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.
Pages in category "Liver function tests" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Naltrexone has been reported to cause liver damage when given at doses higher than recommended. [25] It carries an FDA boxed warning for this rare side effect. Due to these reports, some physicians may check liver function tests before starting naltrexone, and periodically thereafter.
Kratom tea made from the dried leaves of the kratom tree. It has opioid-like properties and some stimulant-like effects. [14] [15] St. John's wort tea, the plant has been shown to have antidepressant properties according to a 2017 meta-analysis. [16] Ephedra tea, mainly from the plant Ephedra sinica. [17]
The main liver cells are called hepatocytes; however, there are other cells that can be observed in a liver sample such as Kupffer cells (macrophages). [2] The liver is the biggest gland of the body. It has a wide variety of functions that range from the destruction of old blood cells to the control of the whole metabolism of macromolecules. [3]
Bromsulfthalein (also known as bromsulphthalein, bromosulfophthalein, and BSP) is a phthalein dye used in liver function tests. Determining the rate of removal of the dye from the blood stream gives a measure of liver function. [1] The mechanism by which the liver detoxifies BSP is to attach it to glutathione which is the body’s master ...