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A dilemma (from Ancient Greek δίλημμα (dílēmma) ' double proposition ') is a problem offering two possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. The possibilities are termed the horns of the dilemma, a clichéd usage, but distinguishing the dilemma from other kinds of predicament as a matter of usage. [1]
(3) "Either you tell the truth, or you lie". Therefore "[y]ou are an immoral person (whatever choice you make in the given situation)". [1] This example constitutes a false dilemma because there are other choices besides telling the truth and lying, like keeping silent. A false dilemma can also occur in the form of a disjunctive syllogism: [6]
Constructive dilemma [1] [2] [3] is a valid rule of inference of propositional logic. It is the inference that, if P implies Q and R implies S and either P or R is true, then either Q or S has to be true. In sum, if two conditionals are true and at least one of their antecedents is, then at least one of their consequents must be too.
These two definitions of formal logic are not identical, but they are closely related. For example, if the inference from p to q is deductively valid then the claim "if p then q" is a logical truth. [16] Formal logic needs to translate natural language arguments into a formal language, like first-order logic, to assess whether they are valid.
A theoretical model of computation that, at each step, can make a 'choice' from multiple possibilities, allowing it to explore many possible branches of execution simultaneously. non-standard logic Logics that diverge from or extend classical logic, including non-classical logics, many-valued logics, and modal logics, among others.
A multiple choice question, with days of the week as potential answers. Multiple choice (MC), [1] objective response or MCQ (for multiple choice question) is a form of an objective assessment in which respondents are asked to select only the correct answer from the choices offered as a list.
Deontic logic faces Jørgensen's dilemma. [5] This problem is best seen as a trilemma. The following three claims are incompatible: Logical inference requires that the elements (premises and conclusions) have truth-values. Normative statements do not have truth-values. There are logical inferences between normative statements.
In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true. [1] [2] It is one of the three laws of thought, along with the law of noncontradiction, and the law of identity; however, no system of logic is built on just these laws, and none of these laws provides inference rules, such as modus ponens ...