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The FDA has approved the following claim for phytosterols: For plant sterol esters: (i) Foods containing at least 0.65 g per serving of plant sterol esters, eaten twice a day with meals for a daily total intake of at least 1.3 g, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease.
Stanol esters are a saturated subgroup of sterol esters. Plant stanol esters in Benecol products are fatty acid esters of plant sterols. The sterol part of the molecule is sitostanol or campestanol while the fatty acid residue originates from different vegetable oils. Plant stanol esters have the following physical properties:
Sterol esters are a heterogeneous group of chemical compounds. They are created when the hydroxyl group of a sterol and a fatty acid undergo an esterification reaction. They can be found in trace amounts in every cell type but are highly enriched in foam cells and are common components of human skin oil .
A serving of Benecol buttery spread supplies 1 g of plant stanols." [6] Consuming more than 3g of plant stanol per day is not recommended and Benecol foods may not be appropriate for pregnant or breast feeding women, and children under 5 years old. [7] Two reviews confirm that plant stanol and sterol esters lower cholesterol levels. [8] [9]
β-Sitosterol is widely distributed in the plant kingdom.It is found in vegetable oil, nuts, avocados, and derived prepared foods such as salad dressings. [2] Olavius algarvensis, a species of marine annelid, predominantly incorporate β-sitosterol into their cell membranes instead of cholesterol, though cholesterol is also present in said membranes.
Also called a "dietary estrogen", it is a diverse group of naturally occurring nonsteroidal plant compounds that, because of its structural similarity to estradiol (17-β-estradiol), have the ability to cause estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects. [2]
Side effects of EEs include nausea, breast tension, edema, and breakthrough bleeding among others. [8] It is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [5] [3] [4] EEs are a prodrug mainly of estradiol and to a lesser extent of equilin. [5] EEs were introduced for medical use by 1970 ...
SOAT2 also esterifies plant sterols but prefers cholesterol, so most plant sterols remain in the cell. In a healthy subject, the ABCG5/ABCG8 sterol efflux transporter pumps any unesterified sterols back into the gut lumen. Sterols not pumped back also end up in the chylomicrons destinated for the liver. [8] Sitosterolemia is inherited as a rare ...