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A full container load (FCL) [77] is an ISO standard container that is loaded and unloaded under the risk and account of one shipper and one consignee. In practice, it means that the whole container is intended for one consignee. FCL container shipment tends to have lower freight rates than an equivalent weight of cargo in bulk.
Many shipping services, especially air carriers, use dimensional weight for calculating the price, which takes into account both weight and volume of the cargo. For example, bulk coal long-distance rates in America are approximately 1 cent/ton-mile. [2] So a 100 car train, each carrying 100 tons, over a distance of 1000 miles, would cost $100,000.
Global freight volumes according to mode of transport in trillions of tonne-kilometres in 2010. In 2015, 108 trillion tonne-kilometers were transported worldwide (anticipated to grow by 3.4% per year until 2050 (128 Trillion in 2020)): 70% by sea, 18% by road, 9% by rail, 2% by inland waterways and less than 0.25% by air.
The use of an FTL carrier to transport this freight generally provides an overall cost savings because the freight will travel fewer miles in the FTL carrier's network, as well as a reduced overall fuel surcharge cost—that is, one FTL carrier travels the distance to the break-bulk facility for a single carrier's price while using only the ...
The term "cost, insurance, freight" or "c.i.f." predates the introduction of Incoterms. Craighall noted in a 1919 article that in "earlier times" the initials were usually written "C. F. & I.": he quotes the phrase "C. F. & I. by steamer to N.Y." used in a shipping contract addressed in the New York State case of Mee v. McNider (1886).
Wind turbine towers being unloaded at a port Stevedores on a New York dock loading barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River.Photo by Lewis Hine, circa 1912. In shipping, break-bulk, breakbulk, [2] or break bulk cargo, also called general cargo, are goods that are stowed on board ships in individually counted units.
Worldscale is a unified system of establishing payment of freight rate for a given oil tanker's cargo. Worldscale was established in November 1952 by London Tanker Brokers' Panel on the request of British Petroleum and Shell as an average total cost of shipping oil from one port to another by ship.
Even this term is more favourable to the carrier in FCL shipping and there are instances where the carrier become at least partially liable in LCL shipping even after mentioning "STC" under cargo description. This is due to the carrier or agent do the stuffings of cargo for the shipper's LCL shipment.